Human Exploration of the Deep Ocean

Humans have always been fascinated by the ocean. From sailing around the world to diving into the depths, we are constantly searching for new ways to uncover the mysteries of life under water. Let’s explore the innovations that made it possible to explore some of the deepest parts of the ocean where even sunlight cannot reach.

Come on, jump in! The water is fine.

Did you know?

In 1521 Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan tried to determine the depth of the Pacific Ocean. Far from shore, he dropped a cannon ball attached to a rope into the ocean. When, at 732 metres, it had still not hit bottom, Magellan declared the ocean “immeasurably deep”. We still use a similar process today to measure the depth of water. It is called depth sounding.

Exploring with Submersibles

Deep ocean exploration is a tricky task. Once you go deeper than 200 metres, the ocean gets very dark and very cold. The pressurepressure also greatly increases. All of these factors make it difficult for people to spend time there. Humans exploring the deep ocean need a special kind of vehicle known as a submersiblesubmersible.

There are two main types of submersibles.

Crewed Vehicles

Crewed vehicles, also known as human-occupied vehicles, are similar to submarinessubmarines. Unlike submarines, crewed submersibles cannot drive on their own. They also usually only have room for a few people.

Rather than travelling around, crewed vehicles mainly bring a small group of people down into the ocean depths and then back up again. They usually have lights, cameras, sensors and collection arms for making observations and gathering data.

Crewed vehicles need some pretty amazing engineering! For example, the US Navy submersible the Trieste visited Challenger Deep in 1960.

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Shown is a black and white photograph of the deep sea submersible Trieste being lifted out of the water. The submersible is mainly cylindrical. A large sphere is attached to its lower hull. A large flat triangular rudder is at the lower rear of the submersible. The submersible is hanging from two wires connected to its top. The submersible is white with vertical black stripes. The sky and sea behind it are grey.

Did you know?

Challenger Deep is the deepest part of the Mariana Trench. It is 11 km below the surface of the ocean. 

To withstand the great pressure, the two-man crew sat in a sphere with 12.7 cm (5”) thick steel walls. They were able to look through a single plexiglass window. Magnetic iron pellets were used as ballastballast. These kept the submersible upright. To go down, they could let in some water to the water ballast tanks. This made the submersible heavier, so it would sink. When they were ready to go back up, they could release some of the pellets as well as release some of the water from the water ballast tanks. To help the submersible float back up, the Trieste had tanks filled with aviation fuel. Like air, the fuel was lighter than the surrounding water. Fuel was used instead of air because it would not be compressed by the intense pressure. Propellers let them push the submersible forward and a rudder let them steer the submersible. Flood lights near the window let them see the ocean around them.

Would you have volunteered for this mission?

Uncrewed Vehicles

Uncrewed vehicles do not carry any passengers. These robotic vehicles can either be controlled remotely or are programmed to operate on their own similar to dronesdrones. Uncrewed vehicles are often attached to a boat on the surface using a long cord. Uncrewed vehicles are smaller than crewed vehicles. This allows them to get into smaller spaces, such as trenches or underwater caves. Like crewed vehicles, uncrewed vehicles are also equipped with lights, cameras, sensors and collection tools.

Exploring with Technology

Besides submersibles, scientists have other types of technologies for studying the deep sea and the ocean floor. One type of technology is a network of fibre opticfibre optic cables that runs along the ocean floor. Ocean Networks Canada has two of these networks off the west coast of Canada.

These are NEPTUNE and VENUS. NEPTUNE stands for North-East Pacific Time-series Undersea Networked Experiments. VENUS stands for Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea.

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Shown is a map of the NEPTUNE network. It is a circular network extending along the Pacific Seafloor off of the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A dotted line connects the network to the University of Victoria.

The cable networks have dozens of cameras, hydrophones and seismometres that collect data about the ocean. With these tools, scientists can measure the ocean’s temperature, salinitysalinity, densitydensity as well as the movements of Earth’s crust below the ocean. Think of it as a heart-rate monitor for the ocean! 

Another way to study the ocean is by drilling into the ocean floor. The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is a scientific collaboration between 22 countries that are drilling the world’s ocean floors and collecting core samplescore samples. Similar to ice cores, core samples from the ocean floor can help us to learn about the history of the ocean.

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Shown is a colour photograph of a freshly drilled ice core. The ice core itself is a long, translucent white cylinder. It is sitting on a long metal shelf that is slightly wider and taller than the ice core. The shelf is support by brackets to the top of a wooden table.

This includes what plants and animals lived there in the past as well as climate and environmental changes. By looking at the past, we can more accurately predict the future.

Many amazing things have been found through ocean drilling. Perhaps one of the most fascinating is that microorganismsmicroorganisms were found to live over one kilometre beneath the sea floor. This finding suggests that there is unknown life within the sedimentssediments of the ocean floor. These microorganisms can give us clues as to how creatures live under extreme conditions.

What We Have Discovered

Pollution

By exploring the depths of the ocean, scientists have uncovered many human impacts. For example, people long thought that the deep sea was void of all life. This made it a good place to get rid of their nuclear waste, or so they thought. Deep ocean exploration showed that the deep ocean was actually filled with life. This led to a ban on nuclear waste disposal in oceans in 1994.

Sadly, old nuclear waste is still in the ocean. It will remain radioactive for thousands of years, causing side effects for creatures who live there.

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Shown is an illustration of drums of nuclear waste on the ocean floor. Two drums are shown. Both are grey cylinders. A hazardous nuclear waste icon is visible on the front drum. Green bubbles are coming out of these drums. Both drums are sitting on a green sea floor with small hills. Corals, fish, and a jellyfish are visible around the nuclear waste.

Did you know?

The London Protocol prohibits all dumping of wastes and other matter into the sea, except for those on an approved list. It has been in force since 1975.

The ocean is also a global dumping ground for trash. Have you ever heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? This floating collection of waste is located in the pacific Ocean between Hawaii and California and is 1.6 million square kilometres in size. That is three times the size of France! Most of this garbage will eventually sink down to the ocean floor and pollute marine habitats. Explorers were not too thrilled to find a plastic bag at the deepest point in the ocean.

Climate Change

Exploring the ocean helps scientists learn a lot about the impacts of climate change on our planet. For example, exploring the deep sea has taught us how the ocean captures carbon. This is an essential factor in limiting climate change.

The ocean is also the largest habitat on the planet! Scientists are constantly discovering new forms of life underwater. We are only starting to understand the level of biodiversity that exists in the deep ocean! Unfortunately, ocean warming and acidification due to climate change threatens ecosystems across the planet, including in the ocean. Organizations around the world, such as Ocean Networks Canada, are working to better understand the threats to ocean ecosystems using submersibles and fixed stations to record all sorts of data.

Humans have been exploring the ocean for hundreds of years, but we still have so much to learn from the oceans. If you want to explore the ocean yourself from the comfort of your home, check out the videos from the crew of the submersible Nautilus or one of the Ocean Live Cams from Explore.org.

Who knows what you might discover!